1. 亚马逊整合后最后一公里配送的运营效率和政策影响分析

本文研究了亚马逊垂直整合其零售平台和最后一公里配送业务的策略，该策略由于最后一公里配送企业服务路线的运营效率降低而造成反竞争的结果。基于对最后一公里配送企业的运营分析，本文发现亚马逊垂直整合的策略显著增加了在整合地区内配送包裹所需的里程。此外，这些地区的偏远程度和快速配送比例放大了这种里程的增加。这些影响平均转化为1.36美元的额外成本，用于支付每个包裹所需的额外车费和人力。而造成这些结果的根源是（市场地位不对称的）多个企业之间的相互作用。为此，本文考虑亚马逊的垂直整合对最后一公里配送企业成本的影响，探讨了各种潜在的反竞争服务和定价的结果，并提出了一些公共政策补救措施，以解决最后一公里配送行业中可能存在的反竞争来源。

We examine how Amazon’s decision to vertically integrate its retail platform and last-mile delivery operations can lead to anti-competitive outcomes as a result of a deterioration in the operating efficiency in the routes served by a last-mile transportation firm. Based on an operational analysis of the last-mile transportation firm, we find that Amazon's decision to vertically integrate increases significantly the mileage necessary to deliver parcels in the ZIP code areas where this integration occurs. Moreover, this increase is significantly amplified by the remoteness and proportion of fast deliveries in these areas. These effects translate, on average, into $1.36 in additional costs necessary to cover extra vehicular and labor expenditures per parcel delivered. Because at the root of these outcomes are interactions among multiple organizations with significant market power asymmetries, we expand on a variety of potential anti-competitive service and pricing outcomes stemming from the impact of Amazon’s vertical integration on the last-mile delivery firm's costs. We then put forth different public policy remedies that could be implemented to address these potential sources of anti-competitiveness in the last-mile delivery industry.

论文原文：Wang, L., Rabinovich, E., & Guda, H. (2023). An analysis of operating efficiency and policy implications in last-mile transportation following Amazon's integration. Journal of Operations Management, 69(1), 9-35. https://doi.org/10.1002/joom.1172

2. “以旧换新”政策如何实现交通部门的减排目标

实现世界气候目标需要迅速减少交通部门产生的温室气体。近年来，政府相关部门大力推广电动汽车（EVs）的使用。但目前电动汽车的销售仍然很低，并且电动汽车达到一定市场份额还需要数十年的时间。在这期间，车辆的温室气体将继续排放，气候也将持续恶化。因此，有人主张制定政策，通过“以旧换新”政策加速燃油汽车的淘汰。为此，本文通过美国地区汽车成交量和电动汽车市场发展的行为模型研究该“以旧换新”政策。研究发现，“以旧换新”政策可以在每吨二氧化碳的合理成本下大幅减少车辆的排放。为了实现减排目标，“以旧换新”政策应该只在消费者用电动汽车替换其燃油汽车时适用。激励电动汽车的“以旧换新”政策通过规模经济、充电基础设施的部署、车型的多样性和消费者意识来加速成本的降低，从而促进电动汽车的推广，该结果是显著的协同作用，放大了“以旧换新”的影响，并降低了减排的单位成本。当与促进可再生电力生产和天然气税（或碳价格）的补充政策一起部署时，“以旧换新”的作用会进一步放大。

Achieving societal climate goals requires rapid reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation. Recent efforts by policymakers have focused on increasing consumer adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Nevertheless, EV sales remain low. Worse, even if EV market share jumped dramatically, it would take decades to replace the existing vehicle fleet, during which time vehicle GHG emissions would continue, worsening climate change. Consequently, some argue for policies to accelerate the retirement of inefficient fossil-powered vehicles through “cash-for-clunkers” (C4C) programs. We examine C4C policies through a behavioral model of vehicle fleet turnover and EV market development in the United States. We find C4C policies can substantially reduce vehicle fleet emissions at reasonable cost per tonne of CO2. To meet emissions reductions goals, C4C policies should apply only when consumers replace their fossil-powered vehicles with EVs. C4C policies incentivizing EVs accelerate cost reductions through scale economies, charging infrastructure deployment, model variety, and consumer awareness, boosting EV adoption beyond the direct effect of vehicle replacement. The result is a substantial synergy amplifying the impact of C4C and lowering unit cost of emissions reductions. C4C is further amplified when deployed together with complementary policies promoting renewable electricity production and a gas tax or carbon price.

论文原文：Naumov, S., Keith, D. R., & Sterman, J. D. (2023). Accelerating vehicle fleet turnover to achieve sustainable mobility goals. Journal of Operations Management, 69(1), 36-66. https://doi.org/10.1002/joom.1173

3. 人员、绩效和转型：丰田澳大利亚工厂关闭过程中的心理契约和利益相关者导向的案例研究

企业运营经理需要在变革时期进行管理，而这些变革对通常在更稳定时代形成的价值观和方法造成了压力。随着全球波动的加剧，企业因需求变化、成本和再生产的考虑，以及政府和市场的影响而开设和关闭工厂。工厂关闭对当地社区、员工、供应商和其他利益相关者的影响已经有所分析，但工厂关闭的过程尚未得到广泛研究。本文描述了丰田澳大利亚工厂关闭过程的参与性研究。通过运用心理契约理论，尤其是契约违约理论，研究丰田在关闭其墨尔本组装业务时所采用的“尊重”方式。分析了利益相关者理论在描述管理动机方面发挥的作用。丰田将超过预期的资源用于帮助离职后的员工有更好的生活和工作。在整个持续四年的转变过程中，员工的表现和参与度都得到了提高。这一结果证明了当心理契约违约时，员工的善意储备可以发挥作用。此外，领导层的行动可以缓解该理论所预测的负面影响，超越交易型观点所预测的结果。本文的研究提出了一个详细的心理契约违约模型，可以将其用于工厂关闭和相关运营的环境中。

Operations managers often manage in times of change that exert pressure on values and methods usually developed during more stable eras. With increasing global volatility, companies open and close plants because of demand shifts, cost and reshoring considerations, and government-induced and market forces. Impacts of plant closures on local communities, employees, suppliers, and other stakeholders have been documented, but plant closure processes have not been extensively studied. This paper describes an engaged research study of Toyota Australia's manufacturing closure processes. We apply psychological contract theory, particularly of contract breach, to examine the “respectful” approach Toyota used to close its assembly operation in Melbourne. We examined the role that stakeholder theory plays in describing managerial motivations. Toyota allocated resources beyond typical expectations to prepare its workforce for their post-Toyota careers and lives. During the 4-year transition process, employee performance, and engagement improved, supporting propositions that reserves of employee goodwill can come into play when a psychological contract breach occurs. Further, leadership actions can moderate the negative impacts predicted by that theory, beyond outcomes that more transactional views would predict. Our study offers an elaborated model of psychological contract breach that future researchers can apply to plant closures and related operational contexts.

论文原文：Samson, D., & Swink, M. (2023). People, performance and transition: A case study of psychological contract and stakeholder orientation in the Toyota Australia plant closure. Journal of Operations Management, 69(1), 67-101. https://doi.org/10.1002/joom.1218

4. 比特币交易中费用与速度的关系分析

基于区块链的加密货币的日益流行是由交易费用提供的灵活性推动的。为了在用户之间实现服务水平差异化，许多加密货币允许用户 “自我定价”，从而导致费用产品的巨大差异，并因此导致确认时间的差异。然而，在区块链中确认加密货币交易所需的时间不仅受所提供费用的影响，还受同期拥堵程度和验证过程中固有的随机性的影响。尽管普遍认为更高的费用会导致更快的确认，但加密货币设置的独特性为“费用-速度”关系增加了重要的细微差别。

本文使用比特币（迄今为止最原始且使用最广泛的加密货币）作为实证背景，将交易过程程序化，提出了一个理论模型来映射出从费用到速度的因果路径，并在高波动时期使用比特币交易数据来估计这一模型。结果表明，影响费用的两个特征：拥堵依赖和尾部收缩。

研究发现，费用的加速效应在确认时间分布的尾部特别强烈，此时应采用目标服务水平方法来推荐费用。为实现这一结论，本文还设计了有效的程序，可帮助比特币用户根据他们的确认延迟偏好准确估算费用。

The growing popularity of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies is driven by the flexibility in transaction fee offerings, among other factors. To achieve service-level differentiation among their users, many cryptocurrencies allow users to “name your own price,” giving rise to a large variation in fee offerings and hence, variation in confirmation times. Yet, the time it takes a cryptocurrency transaction to be confirmed in the blockchain is not only affected by the fee offered, but also by the contemporaneous congestion level and the inherent randomness in the verification process. Although it is generally expected that higher fees lead to quicker confirmation, the uniqueness of the cryptocurrency setting adds important nuances to the fee-speed relationship. Using Bitcoin—the original and most heavily used cryptocurrency by far—as our empirical context, we stylize the transaction confirmation processes, propose a theoretical framework that maps the causal path from fee to speed, and estimate this framework using Bitcoin transaction data under periods of high volatility. Our results show strong evidence for two characteristics of fee's impact: congestion dependence and tail shrinkage. Our finding that the speed acceleration effect of fee is particularly strong on the tail of the confirmation time distribution motivates a target service level approach to fee recommendation. To put this finding into practice, we develop an efficient computational procedure that helps Bitcoin users accurately estimate fees based on their confirmation delay preferences. We discuss the implications of our analyses on future cryptocurrency development and the long-term adoption of this revolutionary technology.

论文原文：Shang, G., Ilk, N., & Fan, S. (2023). Need for speed, but how much does it cost? Unpacking the fee-speed relationship in Bitcoin transactions. Journal of Operations Management, 69(1), 102-126. https://doi.org/10.1002/joom.1202

5. 企业如何管理环境项目组合以改善环境

本文研究了企业的环境项目组合对其有效改善环境结果的能力的影响。所采用的数据来自西方制造商的中国汽车供应商，由154个环境项目组合组成，其中包含614个环境改善项目，以及来自Dun & Bradstreet的企业级数据。采用数据包络分析（DEA）来估计企业将资源转化为环境成果的效率。然后，使用计量经济学评估组合效应（即环境项目组合构成）对企业改善环境效率的影响。实证结果表明，当企业减少其投资组合中环境项目类型的异质性（即更集中的投资组合）时，它们可以更有效地改善环境成果。然而，企业可能希望在其投资组合中引入环境项目类型的多样性。分析表明，更具环保能力的企业可以增加其投资组合中项目的多样性，而不会对结果产生负面影响。此外，当企业平衡面向社会的项目和面向技术的项目时，他们可以更好地管理其投资组合中的多样性。本研究为项目组合在改善环境方面的作用理论做出了贡献，并为致力于利用有限资源改善环境的项目组合经理提供了一些新颖的管理启示。

This research examines the influence of a firm's portfolio of environmental projects on its ability to efficiently improve environmental outcomes. The data comes from Chinese automotive suppliers of a western manufacturer and consists of 154 environmental project portfolios that contain 614 environmental improvement projects as well as firm-level data from Dun & Bradstreet. A data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to estimate the firms' efficiency in transforming resources into environmental outcomes. Then an econometric analysis evaluates the impact of the portfolio effect (i.e., environmental project portfolio composition) on the firm's efficiency in improving the environment. The empirical results show that when firms reduce the heterogeneity in the types of environmental projects in their portfolios (i.e., a more focused portfolio), they can more efficiently improve environmental outcomes. However, firms may want to introduce diversity in the types of environmental projects in their portfolio (i.e., reducing the focus).The analysis shows that more environmentally capable firms can increase the diversity of the projects in their portfolios without negatively impacting outcomes. In addition, firms can better manage diversity in their portfolios when they balance socially oriented projects with technically oriented projects. This study contributes to the theory of project portfolio roles in improving environmental outcomes and offers several novel insights for project portfolio managers working to improve environmental outcomes with limited resources.

论文原文：Tong, X., Linderman, K., & Zhu, Q. (2023). Managing a portfolio of environmental projects: Focus, balance, and environmental management capabilities. Journal of Operations Management, 69(1), 127-158. https://doi.org/10.1002/joom.1201

6. 政治关系是否有助于提高运营效率？ 

尽管与供应链伙伴的关系纽带对企业运营管理的影响已被大量研究，但尚不清楚政治纽带（在新兴经济体中尤为重要的关系纽带）与企业运营效率的关系。借鉴政治嵌入的观点，本文提出政治关系和运营效率之间存在负相关关系，并研究了这种关系是如何受到环境和企业层面因素的调节。通过使用中国上市民营企业的面板数据，发现政治关系与运营效率呈负相关关系。此外，当企业在要素市场欠发达的地区和高度竞争的行业中运营时，这种负相关关系更显著。然而，对于外资持股和客户集中度较高的企业来说，这种负相关关系则较弱。这些结论提醒人们注意政治关系对运营管理的不利影响，并强调了减少其负面影响的策略。

Although the significance of relational ties with supply chain partners to firms' operations management has been frequently studied, it is unclear how political ties, which represent another form of relational ties that is especially important in emerging economies, relate to operational efficiency. Drawing on the political embeddedness perspective, we propose a negative association between political ties and operational efficiency and examine how this association is moderated by environmental and firm-level factors. Using panel data of listed private firms in China, we show that political ties are negatively correlated with operational efficiency. In addition, this negative relationship is stronger when firms operate in regions with less developed factor markets and in highly competitive industries. However, the negative relationship is weaker for firms with high levels of foreign shareholding and customer concentration. These findings caution against the downsides of political ties for operations management and highlight strategies for reducing their negative effect.

论文原文：Shen, L., Zhou, K. Z., Wang, K., & Zhang, C. (2023). Do political ties facilitate operational efficiency? A contingent political embeddedness perspective. Journal of Operations Management, 69(1), 159-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/joom.1203

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