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今日导读
批判性思维能力是一种运用理性分析来思考，从而深挖事情内在真正潜能的艺术。它的主旨并不在于思考得更多，而在于更好。磨练批判性思维能力可以培养自身强烈的求知欲，而且这种欲望将贯穿一生，让你获益无穷。不过，批判性思维能力的磨练并非易事，这种能力的培养需要大量训练，以及自身稳定的成长和持久的动力。那么什么样的习惯可以帮助你养成批判性思维呢？
双语选段
上下滑动阅读双语全文
There is no quick hack to becoming a critical thinker but there are some habits that one can build to alter their character in the right direction.
要成为具有批判性思维的人没有捷径，但是有一些习惯可以帮助你朝着正确的方向改变自己的性格。
Habit number one, read a lot and read widely.
习惯一：大量阅读，广泛阅读。
Exposing yourself to unique points of view is a good way to spark constant curiosity and to stay open-minded.
让自己接触各种独特的观点是持续激发好奇心和保持开放心态的好方法。
Well-read people understand that there are multiple ways to look at a problem and multiple lenses with which to view the world.
广泛阅读的人明白，看待问题有多种方式，看待世界有多种视角。
Habit number two, don't jump to conclusions.
习惯二，不要轻易下结论。
A good critical thinker has built up the habit of not jumping to conclusions especially in the absence of data.
一名优秀的批判性思维者已经养成了不轻易下结论的习惯，尤其是在没有数据支持的情况下。
They only make a judgment once they have studied a topic in some depth and can justify their position with sound reasoning.
他们只有在对某一话题有了一定深度的研究，并能以合理的推理证明自己的立场后，才会做出判断。
Habit number three, create systems, not goals.
习惯三，创建做事体系，而不是建立目标。
For example, creating a system habit or ritual that promotes writing every day is more effective than setting the goal of writing an essay a week.
例如，建立一个系统性的习惯或惯例，以促进每天的写作，这比设定每周写一篇文章的目标更有效。
A system can be measured, refined, and optimized, a goal cannot.
系统可以被测量、完善和优化，而目标却不能。
I can work on the inputs of my system to create better quality and quantity of outputs.
我可以在我的系统输入上下功夫，以创造更好的输出质量和数量。
A goal only focuses on the outputs.
而目标只关注输出结果。
To improve the quality of my writing I created a checklist that I can run through after completing each essay.
为了提高我的写作质量，我创建了一个检查表，我可以在每完成一篇文章后浏览这份检查表。
Every time I use my system I create better essays, with every essay I finish I go back and refine my system.
每当我使用我的系统时，我都能写出更好的文章，每写完一篇文章，我就会回头改进我的系统。
It's a feedback loop that can be measured and improved.
这是一个可以衡量和改进的反馈环路。
Habit number four, argue with yourself.
习惯四，与自己争论。
Great thinkers routinely and intelligently try to counter their own arguments, they go back and forth until only the most rational and strongest argument exists based on the knowledge they have.
伟大的思想家通常会尝试明智地反驳自己的观点，他们来回反驳，直到基于他们所拥有的知识，只剩下最理性、最强有力的观点存在。
This is also the mission of any good scientist.
这也是任何优秀科学家的使命。
The scientist tries to prove themselves wrong, not right when they continually fail to do so, it's very likely that only the truth remains.
科学家试图证明自己是错的，而不是对的，当他们不断地失败时，很可能只有真理留下。
Habit number five, be willing to change your opinion.
习惯五：愿意改变自己的观点。
Be unattached to information, have the willingness to change an opinion in the face of better data.
不拘泥于信息，有意愿在更好的数据面前改变观点。
Habit number six, write.
习惯六：写作。
Writing is thinking, the better we get at writing the better we get at thinking.
写作就是思考，我们越是擅长写作，就越是擅长思考。
Writing also helps us separate what we actually know from what we think we know.
写作还能帮助我们区分我们实际知道的东西和我们认为我们知道的东西。
Habit number seven, seek adversity.
习惯七，寻求逆境。
This one is controversial but I believe it's the most powerful.
这一点有争议，但我相信它是最有力的方法。
The main reason schools fail to teach critical thinking is because they don't create the optimal environment to foster the correct character traits.
学校没能教授批判性思维的主要原因是，他们没有创造最佳的环境来培养正确的性格特征。
Schools are overly standardized and structured.
学校过于标准化和结构化。
The rules are very rigid.
规则非常死板。
Once students understand the rules, school becomes a game.
一旦学生理解了这些规则，学校就变成了一场游戏。
Once they've established a game strategy that works, they can play the game very passively and get by.
一旦学生们建立起有效的游戏策略，他们便可以非常被动地玩游戏，过得去就行。
Most students quickly learn the bare minimum amount of effort required to get a job and then they have no incentive to work harder and to think actively.
大多数学生很快就学会了找工作所需要的最低限度的努力，然后他们就没有动力更加努力地学习和积极地思考。
But if you take them out of that game, if you break the immersion they are now forced to think critically.
但如果你将他们带出游戏，如果你打破游戏的沉浸感，他们便不得不进行批判性思考。
In adversity, they learn to create new rules and break old ones, they have to because it's either do or die.
在逆境中，他们学会创造新规则，打破旧规则，他们必须这样做，因为要么做，要么死。
The shift from a passive thinker to an active thinker is very subtle on the surface because it happens internally.
表面上看，从被动思考者到主动思考者的转变非常微妙，因为它是内在发生的。
It requires internal conviction, a strong belief in oneself.
它需要内在的信念，对自己的坚定信念。
Regardless of how many tips I give someone to become a critical thinker, it ultimately has to come from a deep desire within.
不管我给了别人多少建议，让他们成为批判性思考者，最终都必须是来自个人内心深处的渴望。
Most great women and men have gone through adversity, why?
大多数伟人都经历过逆境，为什么？
Because adversity generates a lot of internal conviction.
因为逆境会产生大量的内在信念。
This internal conviction drives them and constantly shifts them into active modes of thinking.
这种内在信念会驱动他们，不断地将他们转变成积极的思维模式。
Instead of living defensively, they attack life with ferocity.
他们不是防御性的生活，而是凶猛地直面生活。
They know they're gonna die one day, time is running out.
他们知道自己总有一天会死，时间已经不多了。
They don't know when that day will come, so they attack life.
他们不知道那一天什么时候会到来，所以他们直面生活。
They race against death because they have a purpose to fulfill.
他们与死亡赛跑，因为他们有一个目的要实现。
I like to think of critical thinking as a tendency and not a skill.
我认为批判性思维是一种个人性情，而不是一种技能。
Great thinkers constantly tend towards critical thinking in their daily lives.
伟大的思想家在日常生活中总是倾向于批判性思维。
If the school doesn't teach students critical thinking, where are people learning it?
如果学校不教学生批判性思维，那么人们要在哪里学习呢？
Life, adversity, books, the Internet, these people become critical thinkers despite the school not because of it, they learn it because they have to.
生活、逆境、书籍、互联网，这些人即使身在学校里也能成为批判性思维者，不是因为学校，而是因为他们不得不学习这种思维。
I believe that one day schools will catch up and do a better job of fostering this environment but thankfully, we always have the power to put ourselves in a position to learn it.
我相信，总有一天学校会迎头赶上，在培养这种环境方面做得更好，但值得庆幸的是，我们总能把自己放在一个位置上去学习这种思维。
重点解析
There is no quick hack to becoming a critical thinker but there are some habits that one can build to alter their character in the right direction.
要成为具有批判性思维的人没有捷径，但是有一些习惯可以帮助你朝着正确的方向改变自己的性格。
重点词汇短语：
1. critical /ˈkrɪtɪkl/
adj. 批判的，爱挑剔的；极其重要的，关键的；严重的，危急的；病重的，重伤的；评论性的，评论家的；临界的
例句：
The supervisor is always very critical.
主管总是很挑剔。
Tom's parents were highly critical of the school.
汤姆的父母对学校提出了强烈的批评。
Reducing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is of critical importance .
减少大气层中的二氧化碳含量极其重要。
One of the victims remains in a critical condition .
其中一位受害者依然病情危急。
In her day she never received the critical acclaim (= praise from the critics ) she deserved.
她一生从未受到过评论家应当给她的赞扬。
近义词辨析：
vital 极其重要的，必不可少的。语气较强，指对于某人或某事成功或继续存在是至关重要的。
These measures have played a vital role in restoring the economy.
这些措施在恢复经济过程中起到了极为重要的作用。
critical 紧要的，关键性的。指对将来发生的事而言十分重要的。
These talks are critical to the future of the country's overseas investment.
这些谈判对该国海外投资的前景至关重要。
key 关键的，至关重要的。指作用十分重要或不能缺少的。
Their research centred on the key factors of the solution to environmental pollution.
他们的研究集中于解决环境污染的关键因素上。
2. alter /ˈɔːltər/
v. 改变；(使)更改；改动；修改(衣服使更合身)
例句：
Little had altered in the village.
村子里几乎没有什么变化。
The landscape has been radically altered, severely damaging wildlife.
地貌彻底改变，严重损害了野生动物。
Prices may be altered without notice.
价格变动不另行通知。
近义词辨析：
change 改变，变更。普通用词，可指任何变化，强调与原先的情况有明显的不同。
The leaves on the trees change colour in the autumn.
树叶在秋天改变颜色。
alter 改变。常指轻微改变，强调在保持原状的情况下进行局部改变。
Your coat is too big. You must have it altered.
你的外衣太大了，得找人改一下。
convert 转变，转化。指改变形式、用途、使用方式等，也指改变信仰、观点、态度等。
Please convert this money into RMB.
请把这钱兑换成人民币。
transform 改变。指在形式、外观、性质等方面彻底改变，即成为全新的东西。
Solar energy can be transformed into power.
太阳能可以转化为能量。
turn 改变，转变。普通用词，指外形、颜色、气味、性质等方面发生变化。
Coal can be turned into heat.
煤可以转化成热。
vary 变化。指根据某一情况的变化而变化，也指更改某事物。
Old people usually don't like to vary their habits.
老年人通常不喜欢改变他们的习惯。
A system can be measured, refined, and optimized, a goal cannot.
系统可以被测量、完善和优化，而目标却不能。
重点词汇短语：
1. refine /rɪˈfaɪn/
v. （尤指去除不需要的杂质而）精炼，提炼，提纯；改进，改善，使精练
例句：
Crude oil is industrially refined to purify it and separate out the different elements, such as benzene.
原油经过工业提炼来提纯并且分离出诸如苯之类的不同元素。
Engineers spent many months refining the software.
工程师们花了数月来完善这个软件。
近义词辨析：
better 多用于口语，指适当地改善原来并非很差的状态或性质，也指社会地位、经济状况的改善。
He tried to better himself by taking evening classes.
他努力通过学习夜校课程来提高自己。
improve 最常用词，多指状态或性质上的深刻或重要改进，也可指自身能力的提高。
I thought the best way to improve my French was to live in France.
我认为提高我的法语的最好办法是在法国生活。
perfect 语义强，通常指使方法、技术等达到完善美好的境地。
He is keen to perfect his golfing technique.
他热衷于提高自己的高尔夫球技。
refine 侧重指使语言、仪态等变得文雅、优美，也可指技艺等的提高。
Surgical techniques are constantly being refined.
外科手术的技术不断得到完善。
2. optimize /ˈɑːptɪmaɪz/
（同 英式英语：optimise）
v. 优化；使最优化；充分利用
例句：
We need to optimize our use of the existing technology.
我们需要充分利用现有技术。
Doctors are concentrating on understanding the disease better, and on optimizing the treatment.
医生正致力于更好地了解这种疾病，并使治疗方法尽可能完善。
What can you do to optimize your family situation?
你如何能充分利用自己的家庭条件？
Great thinkers routinely and intelligently try to counter their own arguments, they go back and forth until only the most rational and strongest argument exists based on the knowledge they have.
伟大的思想家通常会尝试明智地反驳自己的观点，他们来回反驳，直到基于他们所拥有的知识，只剩下最理性、最强有力的观点存在。
重点词汇短语：
1. counter /ˈkaʊntər/
n. (商店、银行等的)柜台；(某些棋盘游戏的)筹码；(电子)计数器，计算器；反对，反驳
v. 反驳；驳斥；抵制；抵消
adv. 逆向地；相反地；反对地
例句：
I asked the man behind the counter if they had any postcards.
我问柜台后面的售货员是否有明信片。
Such arguments are not easily countered.
这种论点不易反驳。
Bob's decision not to take the job ran counter to his family's expectations.
鲍勃不接受这份工作的决定与其家人的期望相悖。
习语：
over the counter （尤指购药）不凭处方
These tablets are available over the counter.
这些药片不用处方就可买到。
under the counter （商品销售）秘密地，暗地里，非法地
These men managed to get cigarettes under the counter.
这些人暗地里弄到了香烟。
2. back and forth
来回地，来来去去
例句：
She swayed gently back and forth to the music.
她随着音乐的节奏轻轻来回摇摆着。
He paced back and forth.
他来回踱步。
The windshield wipers clacked back and forth.
挡风玻璃上的刮雨器来回刮着，发出咔嚓声。
Instead of living defensively, they attack life with ferocity.
他们不是防御性的生活，而是凶猛地直面生活。
重点词汇短语：
1. defensively /dɪˈfensɪvli/
adv. 戒备地；防卫地；防守地
例句：
"Oh, I know, " said Kate, defensively.
凯特心存戒备地说道：“啊，知道。”
He was always returning the ball defensively.
他的回球总是防守型的。
You're not going to beat Australia by batting defensively.
靠防守型的打法是无法战胜澳大利亚队的。
2. ferocity /fəˈrɑːsəti/
n. 残暴；凶猛；凶恶；猛烈
例句：
The police were shocked by the ferocity of the attack.
警方对那起攻击的凶残感到震惊。
The hurricane hit with terrible ferocity.
飓风以可怕的烈度袭来。
The floodwater hit the village with particular ferocity, demolishing around 200 houses.
凶猛的洪水冲毁了这个村庄，毁掉了200多间房屋。
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