Tens of thousands have died. Millions have been turned into refugees. Almost one-sixth of Ukraine’s territory remains under Russian occupation. 2022 was the year large-scale war returned to Europe, cradle of the two global conflicts of the 20th century. Ukraine has, remarkably, endured as a sovereign state, and a cataclysmic broader war has so far been avoided. The goal for 2023 must be to give Kyiv all the aid it needs to bring the conflict to an end — on its terms.

Unlike normal vaccines, these shots will treat, not prevent, the disease. Using mRNA technology should prompt the immune system to destroy mutated cells, often by tailoring them to the recipient’s tumour. That is the case in the Mod­er­na melanoma trial. Its mR­NA vac­cine, com­bined with Mer­ck’s im­munother­a­py, cut the risk of lat­er-stage melanoma re­cur­rence or death by 44 per cent in high-risk patients compared with immunotherapy alone.