材料科学Materials Science

▲ 作者：A. J. STERNBACH, S. L. MOORE, A. RIKHTER et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf1065

▲ 摘要：

我们使得发生在两个天然晶体之间界面上的声子极化激元负折射能够视觉化。红外光子和晶格振动的混合体极化子形成的准直射线，在穿过两种双曲范德华材料氧化钼（MoO₃）和同位素纯六方氮化硼（h¹¹BN）之间的界面时产生负折射。

在特殊频率ω0上，这些射线沿着封闭的菱形轨迹循环。我们已经证明，极化子本征模显示正色散和负色散区域，会被极化子级的排斥和强耦合导致的多个间隙打断。

▲ Abstract：

We visualized negative refraction of phonon polaritons, which occurs at the interface between two natural crystals. The polaritons—hybrids of infrared photons and lattice vibrations—form collimated rays that display negative refraction when passing through a planar interface between the two hyperbolic van der Waals materials: molybdenum oxide (MoO₃) and isotopically pure hexagonal boron nitride (h¹¹BN). At a special frequency ω0, these rays can circulate along closed diamond-shaped trajectories. We have shown that polariton eigenmodes display regions of both positive and negative dispersion interrupted by multiple gaps that result from polaritonic-level repulsion and strong coupling.

▲ 作者：HAI HU, NA CHEN, HANCHAO TENG et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf1251

▲ 摘要：

我们在范德华异质结构中使用混合拓扑极化子展示了中红外频率的栅极可调负折射。具体来说，我们在部分用石墨烯装饰的α-MoO₃薄膜中观察到广角负折射极化激元，并进行了可逆的平面纳米级聚焦。

原子厚度异质结构削弱了界面处的散射损失，同时通过电门控实现正常折射到负折射的主动可调过渡。我们提出了极化子负折射作为红外应用的有前途的平台，如电可调超分辨率成像、纳米级热操纵、增强分子传感以及片上光学电路。

▲ Abstract：

We demonstrate gate-tunable negative refraction at mid-infrared frequencies using hybrid topological polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures. Specifically, we visualize wide-angle negatively refracted polaritons in α-MoO₃ films partially decorated with graphene, undergoing reversible planar nanoscale focusing. Our atomically thick heterostructures weaken scattering losses at the interface while enabling an actively tunable transition of normal to negative refraction through electrical gating. We propose polaritonic negative refraction as a promising platform for infrared applications such as electrically tunable super-resolution imaging, nanoscale thermal manipulation, enhanced molecular sensing, and on-chip optical circuitry.

地球科学Earth Science

▲ 作者：DUSTIN TRAIL AND THOMAS M. MCCOLLOM et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adc8751

▲ 摘要：

我们使用锆石化学、实验和建模来推断近40亿年岩石圈流体的特征。我们限制氧逸度、氯含量和温度，这使我们能够模拟金属的溶解度和运输情况，这些金属被认为是生命起源的关键。

我们发现，在这段时间里，这些流体比陆地地幔氧化程度更高，它们与近地表的水系统（可能是地下热液池）相互作用，使得氧化还原梯度放大到对生物起源前分子合成或微生物的持续活动更有吸引力的程度。

▲ Abstract：

We use zircon chemistry, experiments, and modeling to infer the character of lithospheric fluids approaching 4 billion years. We constrain oxygen fugacity, chlorine content, and temperature, which allow us to model the solubility and transport of metals that are hypothesized to be crucial for the origin of life. We show that these fluids were more oxidized than the terrestrial mantle during this time and that they were interacting with near-surface aqueous systems, possibly subaerial hydrothermal pools, amplifying redox gradients in a location attractive for prebiotic molecular synthesis or sustained microbial activity.

古人类学Paleoanthropology

▲ 作者：THOMAS W. PLUMMER, JAMES S. OLIVER, EMMA M. FINESTONE et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo7452

▲ 摘要：

最古老的奥尔德沃工具遗址大约在260万年前，此前仅限于埃塞俄比亚的阿法尔三角。我们描述了在肯尼亚的Nyayanga遗址，可追溯到303.2万年至258.1万年前，并将奥尔德沃文化分布范围扩大了1300多公里。

此外，我们还发现了两个与镶嵌植被及碳四植物食草动物群有关的河马屠杀遗址。发现的刀具剥落熟练程度与较晚些的奥尔德沃产物相当，但敲打行为更为常见。工具使用磨损和骨损伤表明了对植物和动物进行组织加工。

研究来自肯尼亚西南部的傍人牙齿发现，其碳同位素值表明其饮食中富含碳四植物。我们认为，最早的奥尔德沃文化范围比以前所知的更为广泛，他们加工包括巨型动物在内的各种食物，并且从一开始就与傍人有关。

▲ Abstract：

The oldest Oldowan tool sites, from around 2.6 million years ago, have previously been confined to Ethiopia’s Afar Triangle. We describe sites at Nyayanga, Kenya, dated to 3.032 to 2.581 million years ago and expand this distribution by over 1300 kilometers. Furthermore, we found two hippopotamid butchery sites associated with mosaic vegetation and a C4 grazer–dominated fauna. Tool flaking proficiency was comparable with that of younger Oldowan assemblages, but pounding activities were more common. Tool use-wear and bone damage indicate plant and animal tissue processing. Paranthropus sp. teeth, the first from southwestern Kenya, possessed carbon isotopic values indicative of a diet rich in C4 foods. We argue that the earliest Oldowan was more widespread than previously known, used to process diverse foods including megafauna, and associated with Paranthropus from its onset.

生物学Biology

▲ 作者：XU DAI, JOSHUA H. F. L. DAVIES, ZHIWEI YUAN et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf1622

▲ 摘要：

我们报道了一个保存异常完好的早三叠世化石库，来自中国南部贵阳附近的贵阳生物群。高精度铀铅测年结果表明，贵阳生物群的年龄为2500.83±0.07/ -0.06万年。这距离二叠纪—三叠纪大灭绝只有108±0.08万年，因此这个化石库是迄今为止发现的已知最古老的中生代化石库。

贵阳生物群至少包括12纲19目，包含丰富的鱼类区系和蛙类，揭示了一个营养复杂的海洋生态系统。因此，这一化石库表明了二叠纪—三叠纪大灭绝后现代海洋生态系统的迅速崛起。

▲ Abstract：

We report an exceptionally preserved Early Triassic fossil assemblage, the Guiyang Biota, from the Daye Formation near Guiyang, South China. High-precision uranium-lead dating shows that the age of the Guiyang Biota is 250.83 +0.07/–0.06 million years ago. This is only 1.08 ± 0.08 million years after the severe Permian-Triassic mass extinction, and this assemblage therefore represents the oldest known Mesozoic lagerstätte found so far. The Guiyang Biota comprises at least 12 classes and 19 orders, including diverse fish fauna and malacostracans, revealing a trophically complex marine ecosystem. Therefore, this assemblage demonstrates the rapid rise of modern-type marine ecosystems after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction.

▲ 作者：ELISE PAREY, ALEXANDRA LOUIS, JEROME MONTFORT et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq4257

▲ 摘要：

在海鲢总目（海鲢、鳗鱼）7个高质量的新基因组组合的基础上，我们使用独立的基因序列和染色体重排系统发育方法重新考察了硬骨鱼系统发育最深分支的拓扑结构。

这些分析明确地将海鲢总目和骨舌总目（巨骨舌鱼、象鼻鱼）归于所有其他硬骨鱼的单系姐妹组，即鲱形亚部谱系（斑马鱼、青鳉）。这一发现解决了50多年来关于这些世系进化关系的争议，并强调了结合不同级别的全基因组信息来解决复杂系统发育的重要性。

▲ Abstract：

On the basis of seven high-quality new genome assemblies in Elopomorpha (tarpons, eels), we revisited the topology of the deepest branches of the teleost phylogeny using independent gene sequence and chromosomal rearrangement phylogenomic approaches. These analyses converged to a single scenario that unambiguously places the Elopomorpha and Osteoglossomorpha (arapaima, elephantnose fish) in a monophyletic sister group to all other teleosts, i.e., the Clupeocephala lineage (zebrafish, medaka). This finding resolves more than 50 years of controversy on the evolutionary relationships of these lineages and highlights the power of combining different levels of genome-wide information to solve complex phylogenies.